Exodus (Biblia.com)

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The book of Exodus functions as the sequel to Genesis describing God’s deliverance of the children of Israel and the establishment of a new covenant between God and Israel. The rest of the Old Testament looks back on the exodus of Israel from Egypt as the primary redemptive event in Israel’s history. This primary redemptive event became central to the Hebrew Bible and the New...

The different nuances of the “hardening of Pharaoh’s heart” and their intermeshing with the plague account, necessitates a few words here. In 4:21 Yahweh told Moses literally, “And I will make heavy/ strong/hard his [i.e., Pharaoh’s] heart” (וַאֲנִי אֲחַזֵּק אֶת־לְבּוֹ, wa’ănî ’ăḥazzēq ’eth-libbô). The next occurrence begins in the prelude to the plague account and paraphrases the earlier statement, “And I will make heavy/strong/hard Pharaoh’s

Pages 113–114

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